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FAQs

Consumer Issues & Information

How can I open an account at the Federal Reserve?
The Federal Reserve Banks are not authorized to open accounts for individuals. Only depository institutions and certain other financial entities may open an account at a Federal Reserve Bank.

How can I prevent "identity theft" - someone is using my personal information to commit fraud or theft?

You should be cautious if someone tries to obtain your name, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, bank account number, or credit card information.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) maintains a central web site for information about identity theft that contains more detailed information about how to protect yourself and what to do if you believe you are a victim of identity theft.


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Where can I find information about leasing a vehicle?
The Federal Reserve Board's web site provides a consumer guide to vehicle leasing. Under the Consumer Leasing Act, consumers have the right to information about the costs and terms of leasing a vehicle. The information in the guide will help you compare lease offers and negotiate a lease that will best fit your needs, budget, and driving patterns.

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Where can I find information about credit cards and credit card interest rates?
The Federal Reserve Board publishes a detailed guide to selecting credit cards in the "Consumer Information" section of its web site.

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How can I spot a financial fraud or a scam?

Criminals sometimes use the name of a government agency in an attempt to give legitimacy to fraudulent transactions, financial instruments, investment opportunities, and fund-raising proposals. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York's website provides current information about frauds and scams, as does the Treasury's Bureau of the Public Debt web site.

The Federal Reserve is aware of the proliferation of these schemes but does not have any authority to investigate or prosecute the wrongdoers involved. Suspected scams should be reported to the local office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or to the U. S. Secret Service.


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I keep receiving notices about privacy rights from banks and credit card issuers. What do they mean, and what am I supposed to do about them?
Federal law requires financial companies to tell you about their policies regarding the privacy of your personal financial information. With some exceptions, the law limits the ability of financial companies to share your personal financial information. To learn more about what these notices mean and how you may want to respond to them, read the Federal Reserve Board's "Privacy Choices" guide.

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Do you have any materials that you could send me to help teach money in my third grade classroom?
Visit the Federal Reserve's educational website, Fed eralReserveEducation.org, for resources for educators, students, parents, and the general public.

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Is it true that I can't cash a check that is over 6 months old?
The state law that governs many aspects of check payments (the Uniform Commercial Code) generally provides that a bank may, but is not obligated to, pay an ordinary check that is more than six months old (measured from the date on the check). Some states enact non-uniform provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, so you should check your state�s law for the specific rule that applies.

How does Check 21 affect me?
Because of Check 21 and other check-system improvements, your checks may be processed faster--which means money may be deducted from your checking account faster. Before you write a check, make sure that your checking account has enough money in it to cover the check. You may be one of the majority of consumers who do not receive their canceled checks with their account statements. Instead, you may receive "pictures" (known as digital images) of your checks, a list of your paid checks, or a combination of these items. Check 21 will have little or no effect on these practices. On the other hand, if you do get your canceled checks back in your regular account statements, you may notice some changes under Check 21. For example, your bank may start sending you a combination of original checks and substitute checks in your account statements. You may use a canceled substitute check as proof of payment just as you would use a canceled original check. The account agreement you have with your bank governs whether you receive canceled checks with your account statements. If you currently get canceled checks back with your statements, you will continue to receive your checks unless your bank notifies you that it is changing your account agreement. You may receive substitute checks in other limited circumstances. For example, your bank may give you a substitute check if you ask to have a particular canceled check back to prove a payment. Also, your bank might provide a substitute check to you when returning a "bounced" check that you deposited into your account. By law, your bank may not pay a check from your account unless you authorized that payment. In other words, you are protected from having your bank pay the same check from your account more than once or from having your bank pay the wrong amount for a check. Check 21 does not change these protections. However, Check 21 does give you special rights if you receive a substitute check from your bank. This guide explains your rights regarding substitute checks. For your rights in other situations, contact your bank.

What is a substitute check?
A substitute check is a special paper copy of the front and back of an original check. The substitute check may be slightly larger than the original check. Substitute checks are specially formatted so they can be processed as if they were original checks. The front of a substitute check should state: "This is a legal copy of your check. You can use it the same way you would use the original check." The following web page contains samples that show what a substitute check looks like: http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/check21/consumer_guide.ht m. Not all copies of a check are substitute checks. For example, pictures of multiple checks printed on a page (also known as an image statement) that is returned to you with your monthly statement are not substitute checks. Online check images and photocopies of original checks are not substitute checks either. You can use image statements and other copies of checks to verify that your bank has paid a check.

Why do banks create substitute checks?
Some banks find that exchanging electronic images of checks with other banks is faster and more efficient than physically transporting paper checks. In certain circumstances, however, banks may need to use a paper check. To address this need, Check 21 allows a bank to create and send a substitute check that is made from an electronic image of the original check.

Can I require my bank to return my original check?
No. In general, the law does not require your bank to return your original check. Many banks destroy original paper checks. Other banks may store original checks for some period of time and then destroy them. Check 21 ensures that you have the same legal protections when you receive a substitute check from your bank as you do when you receive an original check.

What should I do if I receive a substitute check and there is a problem?
Check 21 provides a special process that allows you to claim a refund (also known as an expedited recredit) when you receive a substitute check from a bank and you think there is an error because of the substitute check. For example, you may think that you were charged twice for the same check. You may use the special process to get a refund of the money you lost. The amount of your refund under the special process is limited to the amount of your loss or the amount of the substitute check that you received, whichever is less, plus interest on that amount if your account earns interest. If your loss is more than the amount of the substitute check, you may have the right under other laws to recover additional amounts of money. If your bank finds that your claim is valid, you should receive your refund by the next business day after the bank's finding. Unless your bank finds that your claim is not valid, you should receive up to $2,500 of your refund (plus interest if your account earns interest) within 10 business days after your bank receives your claim. You should receive the rest of your refund (plus interest if your account earns interest) no later than 45 days after your bank receives your claim. If your bank finds that your claim is not valid, it will send you a notice explaining why. Your bank may reverse the refund (including any interest on the refund) if it can show that the substitute check did not cause an error in your account.

How do I file a claim under the special refund procedure for substitute checks?
If you notice a problem with a substitute check, you should contact your bank as soon as possible. In general, to use the special refund procedure for substitute checks, you should contact your bank no later than 40 days from the date your bank provided the substitute check or from the date of the statement that shows the problem. In general, you must: - Describe why you think the charge to your account is incorrect. - Describe why you believe the original check or a better version of the substitute check is needed to determine whether the substitute check should have been deducted from your account. - Estimate how much money you lost because of the substitute check. (Include any fees you were charged as a result of the substitute check. Also, alert your bank to any interest you lost, if your account earns interest.) - Provide a copy of the substitute check, or give your bank information that will help it identify the substitute check and investigate your claim.

What if I have more questions about substitute checks?
Contact your bank. Visit the online information on Check 21, available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/truncation/. Contact your state's consumer protection agency or attorney general's office for information on state laws that apply to checks and substitute checks.

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What is electronic check conversion?
Electronic check conversion is a process in which your check is used as a source of information -- for the check number, your account number, and the number that identifies your financial institution. The information is then used to make a one-time electronic payment from your account -- electronic fund transfer. The check itself is not the method of payment.

How will I know that my check is being used for electronic check conversion?
When you provide your check, you must be given notice that information from your check will be used to make an electronic payment from your account. The notice is required by the federal law that applies to electronic fund transfers--the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and the Federal Reserve Board's Regulation E. Notice may be provided in different ways. For example, a merchant may post a sign at the register or may give you a written notice that you'll be asked to sign.

What are some of the differences between electronic check conversion and using my check as payment?
- Your electronic transaction may be processed faster than a check. Be sure you have enough money in your account at the time you make the purchase. - You have different consumer rights with an electronic check conversion transaction than when you use your check as payment. For example, with electronic check conversion, you have the right to an investigation by your financial institution when an error occurs.

What are my rights in electronic check conversion transactions?
- You have the right to receive notice when you provide your check telling you that information from the check will be used to make an electronic payment from your account. - You have the right to receive notice when you provide your check telling you of any fee that the merchant will collect from your account electronically if you do not have enough money in your account to cover the transaction. This fee is similar to a "bounced check" fee. - You have the right to receive a receipt when you make a purchase at a store. The receipt will contain information about the transaction, including: Date, Amount, Location, Name of merchant. - You have the right to have this same information included as part of the regular account statement from your financial institution. - You have the right to ask your financial institution to investigate any electronic fund transfers from your account that you believe are unauthorized or incorrect.

What should I do if I have a problem with an electronic check conversion transaction?
Always review your regular account statement from your financial institution. You should immediately contact your financial institution if you see a problem. Were you charged the wrong amount? Were you charged twice for the same transaction? You have only 60 days (from the date your statement was sent) to tell the financial institution about the problem. Depending on the circumstances, the financial institution may take up to 45 days from the time you notify it to complete its investigation.

With electronic check conversion, may I use the same check more than once?
No. An electronic check conversion transaction is a one- time electronic payment from your account. If you were to use the same check for more than one transaction and you had a problem with one of the transactions, your financial institution might have difficulty investigating the problem because the same check number would appear more than once on your statement.

Can electronic check conversion occur if I mail a check to pay a bill?
Yes. For example, let's assume that each time you get your insurance bill there is a notice. It tells you that when you mail a check, information from that check will be used to make an electronic payment from your account. If you then send a check, you have agreed to electronic check conversion. Unlike what happens when you make a purchase at a store, however, you won't receive a receipt. Your check won't be returned to you with your account statement from your financial institution because the transaction was processed as an electronic fund transfer, not as a check transaction. As with electronic check conversions in stores, be sure you have enough money in your account when you mail your check, keep records of your payments, and check your account statements from your financial institution to make sure the amounts charged are correct.

What if I don't want my check to be used for electronic check conversion?
If you don't want your check to be used for electronic check conversion, you may have to provide another form of payment (for example, cash, debit card, or credit card).

What if I have a question or problem with an electronic check conversion?
Contact your financial institution. For information on state laws that may apply to electronic check conversion, contact your state's consumer protection agency or attorney general's office.

Where can I find merger and other types of applications?
Different types of application forms are required depending on the status of the applicant organization. The Board of Governors' Web site provides detailed instructions in the Application Filing Information section.

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How can I reclaim a lost or abandoned bank account?
First, if possible, contact the financial institution where you opened the account. If the institution no longer exists, contact your state banking agency. Provide the agency with as much as detail as possible, including the financial institution's name, the account number, and the exact name(s) on the account.

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What is the prime rate?
The prime rate (sometimes also referred to as the "base" or "reference" rate) is a benchmark rate used by institutions for pricing business and other credit. Institutions adjust this rate from time to time in response to changes in market conditions. Institutions may set this rate internally or may adopt as their own a published rate (for example, the prevailing prime rate as reported in the financial press). Interest rates for most consumer loans are generally higher than the prime rate and are determined by the particular financial institution making the loan. A comprehensive explanation of various commercial and consumer interest rates, "Interest Rates: An Introduction," is available at Federal Reserve Bank of New York website. Prime interest rates going back to 1929 are available on the Research Department�s website of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis located. Current and historical data on most interest rates are available at the Federal Reserve Board website.

Does the Federal Reserve control or set the prime rate?
No. Banks set their own rates based on the demand for various kinds of loans, on the cost of money to the banks, and on the administrative costs of making loans.

What is a routing number and where can I get information about valid routing numbers and the financial institutions to which they have been assigned?
A routing number (SOMETIMES ALSO KNOWN AS AN "ABA NUMBER," A "TRANSIT NUMBER," OR A "ROUTING TRANSIT NUMBER") is a nine-digit number that is assigned to a bank to identify the bank and the check-processing region in which the bank is located. Routing numbers are most commonly seen on the bottom of checks (in the lower left-hand corner for personal checks). The Federal Reserve does not assign bank routing numbers. If you have a question about a routing number on a check you have received, you should consult with your bank to determine the origin and validity of the routing number.

How can I file a consumer complaint about a bank?
First try to settle the problem directly with the bank. This may involve contacting the bank's customer service representative or bank management for assistance. If you are still unable to resolve the problem, you can file a complaint about the bank, or other type of financial institution, with the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve is responsible for carrying out many of the federal laws that protect consumers in their dealings with financial institutions.

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How can I get a copy of my credit report?
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) requires each of the nationwide consumer reporting companies -- Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion -- to provide you with a free copy of your credit report, at your request, once every 12 months. The three nationwide consumer reporting companies have set up a central website, a toll-free telephone number, and a mailing address through which you can order your free annual report:

For more information, visit the FTC's Your Access to Free Credit Reports.


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What is TARP?
TARP stands for "Troubled Asset Relief Program." TARP was established under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA) was signed into law on October 3, 2008, during a time of tremendous financial upheaval and economic uncertainty. TARP was established with the specific goal of stabilizing the United States financial system and preventing a systemic collapse. Treasury has established several programs under the TARP to stabilize the financial system and has now created the Financial Stability Program to further stabilize the financial system, restore the flow of credit to consumers and businesses and tackle the foreclosure crisis to keep millions of Americans in their homes. For more information: http://www.financialstability.gov/roadtostability/programs. htm

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What foreclosure resources are provided by the Federal Reserve?
There is a "Mortgage Foreclosure Resources" section on the Federal Reserve Board's public website that directs consumers to many sources of information relating to foreclosure. Mortgage Foreclosure Resources includes links to regional Foreclosure Resource Centers as well as to resources for small municipalities, housing counselors, and consumer and community groups: http://federalreserve.gov/consumerinfo/foreclosure.htm

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