Working Papers

We construct a dynamic equilibrium model to study how a major product innovation (introducing the debit card function) interacted with banking deregulation and drove the shakeout of the U.S. ATM and debit card industry. The model matches the quantitative pattern of the industry well and allows us to conduct counterfactual analyses to evaluate the roles that innovation and deregulation each played in the industry evolution. The findings show that debit innovation was the main driving force for the decline in ATM network numbers, but deregulation added an important impact on the industry's welfare gains.