Data & Analysis
Hornstein-Kudlyak-Lange Non-Employment Index
May 15, 2020
The NEI was 15.3 percent in April 2020, increasing from 8.1 percent in March 2020 to a record level. It has risen by 7.8 percentage points since April 2019.
Month,HKL Nonemployment Index,HKL Nonemployment Index Including PTER,Civilian Unemployment Rate (U-3),Unemployed plus Marginally Attached (U-5),Unemployed plus Marginally Attached and PTER (U-6) 1994-01-01,9.97986626,11.0621318,6.6,8,11.7 1994-02-01,9.820765141,10.98764929,6.6,7.9,11.4 1994-03-01,9.722793401,10.93513216,6.5,7.8,11.5 1994-04-01,9.594282396,10.77192681,6.4,7.7,11.3 1994-05-01,9.382337448,10.5950623,6.1,7.3,10.9 1994-06-01,9.376944782,10.58547528,6.1,7.3,11 1994-07-01,9.316641343,10.47395408,6.1,7.4,10.8 1994-08-01,9.262969121,10.38012719,6,7.3,10.6 1994-09-01,9.168496379,10.2834007,5.9,7.2,10.4 1994-10-01,9.100830243,10.23775372,5.8,7,10.4 1994-11-01,8.996816602,10.14892519,5.6,6.8,10.1 1994-12-01,8.919658139,10.03537897,5.5,6.7,10.1 1995-01-01,8.922900785,10.12924418,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-02-01,8.863263147,9.953062991,5.4,6.6,9.9 1995-03-01,8.904835189,10.00686425,5.4,6.6,9.9 1995-04-01,9.000120373,10.08505433,5.8,6.8,10.1 1995-05-01,9.039623345,10.16590074,5.6,6.8,10.1 1995-06-01,8.978610662,10.09569,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-07-01,8.962130774,10.09470675,5.7,6.8,10.1 1995-08-01,8.998901401,10.14379114,5.7,6.8,10.1 1995-09-01,8.983678451,10.14122489,5.6,6.7,10.2 1995-10-01,8.9845818,10.10429865,5.5,6.7,10 1995-11-01,8.967927462,10.10572174,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-12-01,8.992454923,10.09996706,5.6,6.7,10 1996-01-01,8.953661187,10.00289988,5.6,6.8,9.8 1996-02-01,8.938248318,10.02766477,5.5,6.7,10 1996-03-01,8.873995026,9.969815993,5.5,6.6,9.9 1996-04-01,8.869874479,9.948289771,5.6,6.7,10 1996-05-01,8.884227207,9.958043274,5.6,6.6,9.8 1996-06-01,8.737607871,9.806812136,5.3,6.5,9.7 1996-07-01,8.741819919,9.846561953,5.5,6.5,9.7 1996-08-01,8.653392896,9.752253906,5.1,6.2,9.4 1996-09-01,8.584516175,9.676422287,5.2,6.2,9.5 1996-10-01,8.640338591,9.722217781,5.2,6.2,9.5 1996-11-01,8.718896631,9.727843453,5.4,6.4,9.4 1996-12-01,8.647740031,9.726031601,5.4,6.4,9.6 1997-01-01,8.640248376,9.706392966,5.3,6.3,9.4 1997-02-01,8.641852797,9.679868242,5.2,6.2,9.3 1997-03-01,8.550261759,9.563927249,5.2,6.2,9.1 1997-04-01,8.455732581,9.494783477,5.1,6.1,9.3 1997-05-01,8.445343276,9.438457339,4.9,5.9,8.9 1997-06-01,8.403842063,9.385073467,5,6,8.9 1997-07-01,8.2697995,9.282797824,4.9,5.8,8.7 1997-08-01,8.231702239,9.230151771,4.8,5.8,8.7 1997-09-01,8.303351182,9.289857248,4.9,5.8,8.7 1997-10-01,8.208808939,9.185647326,4.7,5.6,8.5 1997-11-01,8.176672006,9.149865395,4.6,5.6,8.4 1997-12-01,8.20523235,9.14596877,4.7,5.7,8.5 1998-01-01,8.124695054,9.10251786,4.6,5.6,8.4 1998-02-01,8.074138531,9.016879858,4.6,5.5,8.3 1998-03-01,8.119085074,9.061767092,4.7,5.6,8.4 1998-04-01,7.960452733,8.837752745,4.3,5.2,8 1998-05-01,7.971423956,8.886611819,4.4,5.3,8 1998-06-01,8.03795426,8.958975475,4.5,5.4,8.1 1998-07-01,8.095125476,9.043254874,4.5,5.5,8.2 1998-08-01,8.068134696,8.936195025,4.5,5.4,7.9 1998-09-01,8.012218169,8.858470642,4.6,5.5,8 1998-10-01,8.034071998,8.873036856,4.5,5.4,7.9 1998-11-01,7.936704354,8.742535148,4.4,5.3,7.7 1998-12-01,7.913587151,8.73643441,4.4,5.2,7.6 1999-01-01,7.89837582,8.741158952,4.3,5.2,7.6 1999-02-01,7.934692648,8.762314901,4.4,5.2,7.7 1999-03-01,7.879890543,8.739703705,4.2,5,7.5 1999-04-01,8.073529866,8.858626429,4.3,5.2,7.7 1999-05-01,7.904050844,8.732593276,4.2,5,7.4 1999-06-01,7.926149803,8.743935018,4.3,5.1,7.5 1999-07-01,7.870370784,8.69734467,4.3,5.1,7.5 1999-08-01,7.841465508,8.64417191,4.2,5,7.3 1999-09-01,7.854055126,8.651734861,4.2,5,7.4 1999-10-01,7.756923143,8.51900016,4.1,5,7.2 1999-11-01,7.725895403,8.485782535,4.1,4.9,7.2 1999-12-01,7.679959911,8.459309972,4,4.8,7.1 2000-01-01,7.625880163,8.383364573,4,4.8,7 2000-02-01,7.73627483,8.482973517,4.1,4.9,7.1 2000-03-01,7.756531203,8.51995043,4,4.8,7.1 2000-04-01,7.64083995,8.35803268,3.8,4.7,6.9 2000-05-01,7.810077637,8.59670979,4,4.8,7.1 2000-06-01,7.65364211,8.403414541,4,4.7,7 2000-07-01,7.664981638,8.421603716,4,4.8,7 2000-08-01,7.696733249,8.471930498,4.1,4.8,7.1 2000-09-01,7.657410501,8.42120992,3.9,4.7,7 2000-10-01,7.647732192,8.399183822,3.9,4.6,6.8 2000-11-01,7.679966382,8.471526035,3.9,4.7,7.1 2000-12-01,7.66716064,8.415830082,3.9,4.7,6.9 2001-01-01,7.761904183,8.536962158,4.2,5,7.3 2001-02-01,7.78888954,8.551155048,4.2,5.1,7.3 2001-03-01,7.847022529,8.612122652,4.3,5,7.3 2001-04-01,8.005969512,8.748529226,4.4,5.1,7.4 2001-05-01,8.087514461,8.902335458,4.3,5.1,7.5 2001-06-01,8.167193164,9.048809668,4.5,5.3,7.9 2001-07-01,8.121244457,8.964916255,4.6,5.4,7.9 2001-08-01,8.437082008,9.251593428,4.9,5.8,8.2 2001-09-01,8.406384454,9.388188369,5,5.8,8.7 2001-10-01,8.6741571,9.698123335,5.3,6.3,9.3 2001-11-01,8.756944747,9.729057502,5.5,6.4,9.4 2001-12-01,8.871988655,9.878236257,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-01-01,8.951025379,9.884354095,5.7,6.6,9.4 2002-02-01,8.85100695,9.826651472,5.7,6.5,9.5 2002-03-01,8.835010935,9.780185404,5.7,6.6,9.4 2002-04-01,8.907367227,9.854400233,5.9,6.9,9.7 2002-05-01,8.82614125,9.781884368,5.8,6.8,9.6 2002-06-01,8.815809359,9.753820365,5.8,6.7,9.5 2002-07-01,8.832384276,9.80141715,5.8,6.8,9.6 2002-08-01,8.769902945,9.796113159,5.7,6.7,9.6 2002-09-01,8.732329872,9.72543716,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-10-01,8.709327751,9.700520542,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-11-01,8.845049542,9.808905875,5.9,6.8,9.8 2002-12-01,8.780758966,9.758805769,6,6.9,9.8 2003-01-01,8.830535986,9.87146099,5.8,6.8,9.9 2003-02-01,8.853333235,9.933215677,5.9,6.9,10.1 2003-03-01,8.966267396,10.02386858,5.9,6.9,10 2003-04-01,8.921257969,9.993055474,6,7,10.2 2003-05-01,8.993308172,10.040532,6.1,7.1,10.1 2003-06-01,9.03242816,10.08010076,6.3,7.2,10.3 2003-07-01,9.00124231,10.06601017,6.2,7.1,10.3 2003-08-01,8.977262407,10.01565418,6.1,7.1,10.1 2003-09-01,8.964204848,10.06680238,6.1,7.1,10.4 2003-10-01,8.953705011,10.02528758,6,7,10.2 2003-11-01,8.814187647,9.88057231,5.8,6.8,10.1 2003-12-01,8.804406864,9.871948127,5.7,6.6,9.8 2004-01-01,8.748152829,9.807509163,5.7,6.7,9.8 2004-02-01,8.699820255,9.708952156,5.6,6.6,9.7 2004-03-01,8.825964776,9.893025764,5.8,6.8,10 2004-04-01,8.695351113,9.707540282,5.6,6.6,9.6 2004-05-01,8.690343322,9.727728282,5.6,6.6,9.7 2004-06-01,8.667231283,9.666891953,5.6,6.6,9.6 2004-07-01,8.658736684,9.660140007,5.5,6.5,9.5 2004-08-01,8.627880836,9.658505661,5.4,6.4,9.4 2004-09-01,8.611770589,9.618169807,5.4,6.4,9.4 2004-10-01,8.648974043,9.713496679,5.5,6.5,9.7 2004-11-01,8.603776481,9.593661182,5.4,6.3,9.4 2004-12-01,8.588883083,9.57804965,5.4,6.3,9.3 2005-01-01,8.541522829,9.513784185,5.3,6.3,9.2 2005-02-01,8.601449401,9.544702404,5.4,6.4,9.2 2005-03-01,8.525377722,9.503654615,5.2,6.2,9.1 2005-04-01,8.481787466,9.411645142,5.2,6.1,9 2005-05-01,8.406513485,9.370228812,5.1,6.1,8.9 2005-06-01,8.437721161,9.422327231,5,6,9 2005-07-01,8.349787726,9.324714965,5,5.9,8.8 2005-08-01,8.26188013,9.278653769,4.9,5.9,8.9 2005-09-01,8.410495069,9.447004138,5,6,9 2005-10-01,8.369940662,9.31158911,5,5.9,8.7 2005-11-01,8.442176118,9.342360635,5,6,8.7 2005-12-01,8.3894402,9.290874258,4.9,5.9,8.6 2006-01-01,8.276526902,9.175878003,4.7,5.6,8.4 2006-02-01,8.271483948,9.190242475,4.8,5.6,8.4 2006-03-01,8.168894508,9.043897187,4.7,5.6,8.2 2006-04-01,8.298929588,9.131385323,4.7,5.6,8.1 2006-05-01,8.125759867,9.029709412,4.6,5.5,8.2 2006-06-01,8.118784841,9.059708593,4.6,5.6,8.4 2006-07-01,8.177863927,9.11731782,4.7,5.7,8.5 2006-08-01,8.142102439,9.083016733,4.7,5.7,8.4 2006-09-01,8.13055571,9.047758118,4.5,5.3,8 2006-10-01,8.092365705,9.044902219,4.4,5.3,8.2 2006-11-01,8.156194003,9.037950711,4.5,5.4,8.1 2006-12-01,8.044448646,8.950682593,4.4,5.2,7.9 2007-01-01,8.119358759,9.038438607,4.6,5.5,8.3 2007-02-01,8.090304301,8.999937843,4.5,5.4,8.1 2007-03-01,7.938487602,8.862897633,4.4,5.3,8 2007-04-01,8.214401739,9.122563376,4.5,5.4,8.2 2007-05-01,8.171488038,9.140054155,4.4,5.3,8.2 2007-06-01,8.138941676,9.069879168,4.6,5.4,8.3 2007-07-01,8.158166275,9.108621786,4.7,5.5,8.4 2007-08-01,8.180792009,9.196109116,4.6,5.5,8.4 2007-09-01,8.231183731,9.226937326,4.7,5.5,8.4 2007-10-01,8.225230902,9.168457245,4.7,5.6,8.4 2007-11-01,8.158788415,9.097070495,4.7,5.6,8.5 2007-12-01,8.317455426,9.298817063,5,5.8,8.8 2008-01-01,8.329363299,9.369477168,5,5.9,9.1 2008-02-01,8.318571263,9.3639832,4.9,5.8,9 2008-03-01,8.437567043,9.491975699,5.1,5.9,9.1 2008-04-01,8.464268497,9.553860779,5,5.9,9.2 2008-05-01,8.62453453,9.758131305,5.4,6.3,9.7 2008-06-01,8.677424738,9.862535353,5.6,6.5,10 2008-07-01,8.861674536,10.14547204,5.8,6.7,10.5 2008-08-01,9.001137992,10.27812241,6.1,7.1,10.8 2008-09-01,9.09280158,10.41882292,6.1,7.1,11.1 2008-10-01,9.227973816,10.6605132,6.5,7.5,11.8 2008-11-01,9.49711241,11.02266299,6.8,8,12.7 2008-12-01,9.75758608,11.45798778,7.3,8.4,13.6 2009-01-01,10.18760278,11.91843408,7.8,9,14.1 2009-02-01,10.40501386,12.26785626,8.3,9.5,15.1 2009-03-01,10.59945287,12.53977424,8.7,10,15.8 2009-04-01,10.69609651,12.55413321,9,10.2,15.9 2009-05-01,10.90019479,12.82891959,9.4,10.7,16.5 2009-06-01,10.93868184,12.87015874,9.5,10.7,16.5 2009-07-01,10.77802791,12.70880901,9.5,10.7,16.4 2009-08-01,10.78402588,12.7093135,9.6,10.9,16.7 2009-09-01,10.86130426,12.71949045,9.8,11.1,16.7 2009-10-01,10.96670754,12.87197174,10,11.3,17.1 2009-11-01,10.84210303,12.73226722,9.9,11.3,17.1 2009-12-01,10.89459371,12.79887907,9.9,11.3,17.2 2010-01-01,10.80443649,12.61789539,9.8,11.2,16.6 2010-02-01,10.81321225,12.69133154,9.8,11.2,17 2010-03-01,10.78830009,12.72568624,9.9,11.2,17.1 2010-04-01,10.63724144,12.5560314,9.9,11.4,17.2 2010-05-01,10.52660144,12.38450133,9.6,11,16.7 2010-06-01,10.44693064,12.27619514,9.4,10.9,16.4 2010-07-01,10.51578023,12.35204874,9.4,10.9,16.4 2010-08-01,10.5811673,12.42705906,9.5,10.9,16.5 2010-09-01,10.61681949,12.50734149,9.5,11,16.9 2010-10-01,10.55056066,12.42164764,9.4,11,16.6 2010-11-01,10.72157228,12.54957242,9.8,11.3,16.9 2010-12-01,10.51834385,12.37735843,9.3,10.8,16.6 2011-01-01,10.43649608,12.22870426,9.1,10.6,16.1 2011-02-01,10.38017661,12.15067437,9,10.6,16 2011-03-01,10.29530172,12.10370682,9,10.4,16 2011-04-01,10.41597479,12.22399113,9.1,10.6,16.1 2011-05-01,10.35379222,12.15066061,9,10.4,15.9 2011-06-01,10.45413139,12.23820743,9.1,10.7,16.1 2011-07-01,10.44482849,12.20685955,9,10.6,15.9 2011-08-01,10.37752191,12.18774864,9,10.5,16.1 2011-09-01,10.34508977,12.18106232,9,10.5,16.4 2011-10-01,10.26855126,12.0956744,8.8,10.3,15.8 2011-11-01,10.22418638,11.96093511,8.6,10.2,15.6 2011-12-01,10.13478606,11.82692924,8.5,10,15.2 2012-01-01,10.02647746,11.7485114,8.3,9.8,15.1 2012-02-01,10.00261114,11.70519719,8.3,9.8,15 2012-03-01,10.00802857,11.61630546,8.2,9.6,14.6 2012-04-01,10.00977019,11.64090462,8.2,9.6,14.7 2012-05-01,9.969858713,11.64766173,8.2,9.7,14.8 2012-06-01,9.997238497,11.67983216,8.2,9.6,14.7 2012-07-01,10.01501753,11.68979043,8.2,9.6,14.7 2012-08-01,10.07337345,11.68792972,8.1,9.6,14.6 2012-09-01,9.840124129,11.54819769,7.8,9.3,14.8 2012-10-01,9.776187631,11.50281179,7.8,9.2,14.4 2012-11-01,9.869469381,11.5271173,7.7,9.2,14.4 2012-12-01,9.921919623,11.54419306,7.9,9.4,14.4 2013-01-01,10.03835656,11.6886761,8,9.3,14.5 2013-02-01,9.853022739,11.51896705,7.7,9.2,14.3 2013-03-01,9.791098001,11.35990904,7.5,9,13.9 2013-04-01,9.800418016,11.42145876,7.6,9,14 2013-05-01,9.799762192,11.40619569,7.5,8.8,13.9 2013-06-01,9.766848903,11.4324084,7.5,9.1,14.2 2013-07-01,9.615279549,11.25671401,7.3,8.7,13.8 2013-08-01,9.520591953,11.08348517,7.2,8.6,13.6 2013-09-01,9.504003146,11.08039406,7.2,8.6,13.5 2013-10-01,9.540049998,11.22757866,7.2,8.6,13.6 2013-11-01,9.372280241,10.93182987,6.9,8.2,13.1 2013-12-01,9.302640963,10.88641377,6.7,8.1,13.1 2014-01-01,9.270162966,10.73856881,6.6,8,12.6 2014-02-01,9.286771352,10.76223219,6.7,8,12.6 2014-03-01,9.275004282,10.76707518,6.7,8,12.7 2014-04-01,9.101698372,10.61484664,6.2,7.6,12.3 2014-05-01,9.169448614,10.61375035,6.3,7.7,12.3 2014-06-01,9.063222757,10.57956553,6.1,7.3,12 2014-07-01,9.109748463,10.59218988,6.2,7.4,12.1 2014-08-01,9.131990826,10.56048795,6.1,7.4,12 2014-09-01,9.04716238,10.45658831,5.9,7.2,11.7 2014-10-01,8.875377965,10.36748565,5.7,7.1,11.5 2014-11-01,8.980497938,10.36098745,5.8,7.1,11.4 2014-12-01,8.852037843,10.22096134,5.6,6.9,11.2 2015-01-01,8.890447668,10.24274687,5.7,6.9,11.2 2015-02-01,8.835051267,10.16587889,5.5,6.7,10.9 2015-03-01,8.77894777,10.09513583,5.4,6.7,10.9 2015-04-01,8.773429271,10.08811825,5.4,6.7,10.9 2015-05-01,8.732748821,10.02852577,5.6,6.8,10.9 2015-06-01,8.704112325,9.987293145,5.3,6.4,10.4 2015-07-01,8.710457215,9.946257079,5.2,6.3,10.3 2015-08-01,8.517640674,9.794119224,5.1,6.2,10.2 2015-09-01,8.595739691,9.798715292,5,6.2,10 2015-10-01,8.561271538,9.787459943,5,6.2,9.8 2015-11-01,8.562561721,9.78371195,5.1,6.1,10 2015-12-01,8.487800567,9.685772219,5,6.1,9.9 2016-01-01,8.406708221,9.579251007,4.9,6,9.7 2016-02-01,8.409808403,9.588321189,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-03-01,8.404682828,9.594588511,5,6.1,9.8 2016-04-01,8.45699215,9.633431882,5,6.1,9.8 2016-05-01,8.363166146,9.613810749,4.8,5.9,9.9 2016-06-01,8.35272456,9.486244472,4.9,5.9,9.5 2016-07-01,8.36413273,9.529754099,4.8,5.9,9.6 2016-08-01,8.320622348,9.518811477,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-09-01,8.485898052,9.664688728,5,6.1,9.7 2016-10-01,8.4590554,9.68956476,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-11-01,8.335548924,9.458345126,4.7,5.8,9.4 2016-12-01,8.343218055,9.414854907,4.7,5.7,9.2 2017-01-01,8.268655489,9.390883698,4.7,5.7,9.2 2017-02-01,8.19340423,9.292095115,4.6,5.6,9.1 2017-03-01,8.102971518,9.178486451,4.4,5.4,8.8 2017-04-01,8.045918768,9.085963961,4.4,5.4,8.6 2017-05-01,8.075542546,9.073406162,4.4,5.3,8.6 2017-06-01,7.997066444,9.019130914,4.3,5.3,8.5 2017-07-01,7.946728722,8.987397917,4.3,5.2,8.5 2017-08-01,8.042287802,9.091355771,4.4,5.3,8.5 2017-09-01,7.92232249,8.955041954,4.2,5.2,8.3 2017-10-01,7.885859916,8.875081783,4.1,5,8.1 2017-11-01,7.933585208,8.875686582,4.2,5,8 2017-12-01,7.96565024,8.883694363,4.1,5,8.1 2018-01-01,7.837523479,8.80248787,4.1,5,8 2018-02-01,7.793339773,8.792921231,4.1,5,8.1 2018-03-01,7.758386307,8.739698685,4,4.9,8 2018-04-01,7.713646267,8.694159484,4,4.8,7.9 2018-05-01,7.726524172,8.654220766,3.8,4.7,7.8 2018-06-01,7.756358184,8.659700598,4,4.9,7.8 2018-07-01,7.6439516,8.548106159,3.8,4.7,7.5 2018-08-01,7.715736277,8.587095317,3.8,4.7,7.3 2018-09-01,7.684814638,8.609877045,3.7,4.7,7.5 2018-10-01,7.678205984,8.584845513,3.8,4.7,7.5 2018-11-01,7.674149588,8.589124005,3.7,4.7,7.6 2018-12-01,7.784517938,8.601263104,3.9,4.7,7.6 2019-01-01,7.768554083,8.751044847,4,4.9,8 2019-02-01,7.636747404,8.486468305,3.8,4.6,7.2 2019-03-01,7.568139881,8.46954717,3.8,4.6,7.4 2019-04-01,7.452587696,8.398821823,3.6,4.5,7.3 2019-05-01,7.54251522,8.352512275,3.6,4.5,7.2 2019-06-01,7.555167037,8.367746274,3.7,4.6,7.2 2019-07-01,7.612236637,8.384810768,3.7,4.5,6.9 2019-08-01,7.465780569,8.331246997,3.7,4.6,7.2 2019-09-01,7.362398226,8.218144225,3.5,4.3,6.9 2019-10-01,7.329970136,8.185098122,3.6,4.3,6.9 2019-11-01,7.386295431,8.20846952,3.5,4.3,6.8 2019-12-01,7.425126711,8.136531529,3.5,4.2,6.7 2020-01-01,7.380143967,8.193349709,3.6,4.4,6.9 2020-02-01,7.389637696,8.243332263,3.5,4.4,7 2020-03-01,8.066785237,9.209008684,4.4,5.2,8.7 2020-04-01,15.29253975,17.5264272,14.7,16,22.8
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Life at the Richmond Fed
While our work is serious, our workplace is more casual—from the way we dress to the activities we share. It’s a friendly, inclusive place to be.
You'll Love Our Benefits
Our approach is about enhancing work and life experiences. Think generous paid days off, a pension and retirement savings plan, wellness offerings, development opportunities and more.
