Data & Analysis
Hornstein-Kudlyak-Lange Non-Employment Index
May 10, 2019
The Non-Employment Index was 7.6 percent in April 2019, edging down from March 2019. It has declined by 0.2 percentage points since April 2018.
Month,HKL Nonemployment Index,HKL Nonemployment Index Including PTER,Civilian Unemployment Rate (U-3),Unemployed plus Marginally Attached (U-5),Unemployed plus Marginally Attached and PTER (U-6) 1994-01-01,10.02432476,11.09114527,6.6,8.1,11.8 1994-02-01,9.850390065,11.00695198,6.6,7.9,11.4 1994-03-01,9.744973613,10.95932546,6.5,7.7,11.4 1994-04-01,9.610944265,10.7958032,6.4,7.6,11.2 1994-05-01,9.399794489,10.62275015,6.1,7.2,10.8 1994-06-01,9.394291919,10.60695968,6.1,7.3,10.9 1994-07-01,9.33558045,10.49671669,6.1,7.3,10.7 1994-08-01,9.284344995,10.4031401,6,7.2,10.5 1994-09-01,9.195911048,10.30349095,5.9,7.1,10.4 1994-10-01,9.120752437,10.2606044,5.8,6.9,10.3 1994-11-01,9.020843713,10.17143265,5.6,6.7,10.1 1994-12-01,8.940417614,10.0575967,5.5,6.7,10 1995-01-01,8.96129841,10.15530946,5.6,6.8,10.2 1995-02-01,8.890781541,9.972418433,5.4,6.6,9.9 1995-03-01,8.92679927,10.03009881,5.4,6.6,9.9 1995-04-01,9.01670194,10.10801712,5.8,6.7,10 1995-05-01,9.05589802,10.19209525,5.6,6.6,10 1995-06-01,8.995001518,10.1164907,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-07-01,8.981460217,10.1170639,5.7,6.7,10.1 1995-08-01,9.021107609,10.16619762,5.7,6.7,10 1995-09-01,9.012183165,10.16129505,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-10-01,9.004802686,10.12635735,5.5,6.6,9.9 1995-11-01,8.992020975,10.12803356,5.6,6.6,10 1995-12-01,9.013490181,10.12236833,5.6,6.7,10 1996-01-01,8.984760436,10.02791712,5.6,6.8,9.8 1996-02-01,8.962169013,10.04644325,5.5,6.7,10 1996-03-01,8.897374474,9.993016047,5.5,6.6,9.8 1996-04-01,8.888667142,9.971512282,5.6,6.6,9.9 1996-05-01,8.901289745,9.983089466,5.6,6.5,9.7 1996-06-01,8.75578778,9.827149481,5.3,6.4,9.6 1996-07-01,8.762108891,9.868843561,5.5,6.5,9.7 1996-08-01,8.675259306,9.77436353,5.1,6.1,9.3 1996-09-01,8.612705027,9.696288044,5.2,6.2,9.4 1996-10-01,8.660754751,9.74391321,5.2,6.2,9.4 1996-11-01,8.741467368,9.749244848,5.4,6.4,9.3 1996-12-01,8.667573367,9.747525203,5.4,6.3,9.5 1997-01-01,8.664550993,9.729175187,5.3,6.4,9.4 1997-02-01,8.664632354,9.699749034,5.2,6.3,9.4 1997-03-01,8.575116901,9.586414325,5.2,6.1,9.1 1997-04-01,8.473122101,9.516764569,5.1,6,9.2 1997-05-01,8.463064767,9.461550195,4.9,5.8,8.8 1997-06-01,8.422774334,9.404894995,5,5.9,8.8 1997-07-01,8.290845196,9.304665153,4.9,5.7,8.6 1997-08-01,8.253624357,9.251374039,4.8,5.7,8.6 1997-09-01,8.330966563,9.309307149,4.9,5.8,8.7 1997-10-01,8.22893263,9.206861096,4.7,5.6,8.4 1997-11-01,8.198197889,9.171138935,4.6,5.5,8.3 1997-12-01,8.224072594,9.166933267,4.7,5.7,8.4 1998-01-01,8.143824657,9.123698853,4.6,5.6,8.4 1998-02-01,8.095499429,9.037153332,4.6,5.6,8.4 1998-03-01,8.145033111,9.083792621,4.7,5.6,8.4 1998-04-01,7.977791907,8.859614735,4.3,5.2,7.9 1998-05-01,7.990406216,8.908131587,4.4,5.2,7.9 1998-06-01,8.057905684,8.979149323,4.5,5.3,8 1998-07-01,8.116174686,9.064579055,4.5,5.4,8.1 1998-08-01,8.089483529,8.957381279,4.5,5.3,7.9 1998-09-01,8.039205954,8.878391484,4.6,5.4,7.9 1998-10-01,8.05479483,8.894335357,4.5,5.3,7.8 1998-11-01,7.957809044,8.763815142,4.4,5.2,7.6 1998-12-01,7.933308497,8.758073579,4.4,5.1,7.6 1999-01-01,7.916387417,8.760610796,4.3,5.2,7.7 1999-02-01,7.95696111,8.783525868,4.4,5.3,7.7 1999-03-01,7.906199872,8.761972545,4.2,5,7.6 1999-04-01,8.087717668,8.879671335,4.3,5.2,7.6 1999-05-01,7.923961656,8.753889902,4.2,5,7.4 1999-06-01,7.945595147,8.764250034,4.3,5.1,7.5 1999-07-01,7.892279253,8.718569753,4.3,5.1,7.5 1999-08-01,7.863965331,8.665397678,4.2,5,7.3 1999-09-01,7.880501378,8.672369254,4.2,5,7.4 1999-10-01,7.777094248,8.539791501,4.1,4.9,7.2 1999-11-01,7.74784024,8.506990114,4.1,4.8,7.1 1999-12-01,7.699584825,8.480529916,4,4.8,7.1 2000-01-01,7.643176969,8.402863602,4,4.8,7.1 2000-02-01,7.757417558,8.503598095,4.1,5,7.2 2000-03-01,7.780777741,8.541306878,4,4.8,7.1 2000-04-01,7.654798656,8.378663476,3.8,4.7,6.9 2000-05-01,7.831030823,8.617862199,4,4.8,7.1 2000-06-01,7.673727076,8.423692934,4,4.7,7 2000-07-01,7.687311832,8.442436616,4,4.8,7 2000-08-01,7.718985305,8.492911621,4.1,4.8,7.1 2000-09-01,7.682440823,8.442225131,3.9,4.7,7 2000-10-01,7.668022628,8.419949043,3.9,4.6,6.8 2000-11-01,7.702738484,8.492409247,3.9,4.7,7.1 2000-12-01,7.686830381,8.436860876,3.9,4.7,6.9 2001-01-01,7.778083215,8.556279665,4.2,5,7.3 2001-02-01,7.80985546,8.571685144,4.2,5.1,7.4 2001-03-01,7.870183876,8.633817414,4.3,5,7.3 2001-04-01,8.02065412,8.769407438,4.4,5.1,7.4 2001-05-01,8.109683966,8.923745707,4.3,5.1,7.5 2001-06-01,8.18905469,9.069696219,4.5,5.3,7.9 2001-07-01,8.143816199,8.985581007,4.6,5.4,7.8 2001-08-01,8.458950268,9.27246039,4.9,5.8,8.1 2001-09-01,8.429814868,9.409201227,5,5.8,8.7 2001-10-01,8.693426116,9.718704966,5.3,6.2,9.3 2001-11-01,8.781966947,9.750511686,5.5,6.4,9.4 2001-12-01,8.891885792,9.899562323,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-01-01,8.967747451,9.904729126,5.7,6.7,9.5 2002-02-01,8.872354258,9.847910078,5.7,6.6,9.5 2002-03-01,8.856709242,9.8016774,5.7,6.6,9.4 2002-04-01,8.924221899,9.875087226,5.9,6.8,9.7 2002-05-01,8.849369431,9.8037107,5.8,6.7,9.5 2002-06-01,8.838223342,9.775086074,5.8,6.7,9.5 2002-07-01,8.855070439,9.823089592,5.8,6.8,9.6 2002-08-01,8.791329075,9.817907478,5.7,6.7,9.6 2002-09-01,8.755238861,9.747203491,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-10-01,8.730092998,9.72209248,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-11-01,8.87144498,9.831102994,5.9,6.8,9.7 2002-12-01,8.802635198,9.780874178,6,6.9,9.8 2003-01-01,8.849315673,9.893239471,5.8,6.9,10 2003-02-01,8.874682347,9.954547609,5.9,6.9,10.2 2003-03-01,8.986829344,10.0456611,5.9,6.9,10 2003-04-01,8.941334698,10.01470633,6,6.9,10.2 2003-05-01,9.016472478,10.06317514,6.1,7,10.1 2003-06-01,9.055295953,10.10204056,6.3,7.2,10.3 2003-07-01,9.024097625,10.08824803,6.2,7.1,10.3 2003-08-01,8.999768361,10.03794333,6.1,7.1,10.1 2003-09-01,8.987373037,10.08944648,6.1,7.1,10.4 2003-10-01,8.975132928,10.04761674,6,7,10.2 2003-11-01,8.839927094,9.903029124,5.8,6.8,10 2003-12-01,8.826701578,9.894476989,5.7,6.6,9.8 2004-01-01,8.767844064,9.829656956,5.7,6.8,9.9 2004-02-01,8.720390419,9.730045001,5.6,6.6,9.7 2004-03-01,8.846301907,9.914799547,5.8,6.8,10 2004-04-01,8.718901789,9.729483133,5.6,6.5,9.6 2004-05-01,8.711852297,9.749520589,5.6,6.6,9.6 2004-06-01,8.689000669,9.688739452,5.6,6.6,9.5 2004-07-01,8.68034885,9.681868636,5.5,6.5,9.5 2004-08-01,8.651257653,9.680782748,5.4,6.4,9.4 2004-09-01,8.634737627,9.640048438,5.4,6.4,9.4 2004-10-01,8.671656987,9.735310109,5.5,6.5,9.7 2004-11-01,8.624600784,9.615426585,5.4,6.3,9.4 2004-12-01,8.611058564,9.600081378,5.4,6.3,9.2 2005-01-01,8.561583047,9.535733105,5.3,6.4,9.3 2005-02-01,8.621777209,9.565529819,5.4,6.4,9.3 2005-03-01,8.545751827,9.525382529,5.2,6.2,9.1 2005-04-01,8.506002765,9.433063626,5.2,6.1,8.9 2005-05-01,8.427032346,9.391598838,5.1,6,8.9 2005-06-01,8.458912981,9.443775426,5,6,9 2005-07-01,8.371601996,9.346007084,5,5.9,8.8 2005-08-01,8.285734066,9.29980824,4.9,5.9,8.9 2005-09-01,8.433232003,9.468459874,5,5.9,9 2005-10-01,8.393120088,9.33334332,5,5.9,8.7 2005-11-01,8.456767589,9.363920155,5,5.9,8.7 2005-12-01,8.409978602,9.3120247,4.9,5.8,8.6 2006-01-01,8.29702736,9.197016245,4.7,5.7,8.4 2006-02-01,8.292595713,9.211215874,4.8,5.7,8.4 2006-03-01,8.189823569,9.064839836,4.7,5.6,8.2 2006-04-01,8.32525353,9.152922648,4.7,5.5,8.1 2006-05-01,8.146222893,9.050785992,4.6,5.5,8.2 2006-06-01,8.138753043,9.080242177,4.6,5.6,8.4 2006-07-01,8.198663725,9.138282331,4.7,5.7,8.5 2006-08-01,8.166279892,9.104053857,4.7,5.7,8.4 2006-09-01,8.151914264,9.068907991,4.5,5.3,8 2006-10-01,8.115107796,9.065440194,4.4,5.3,8.2 2006-11-01,8.166125889,9.058913727,4.5,5.4,8.1 2006-12-01,8.065293751,8.971407709,4.4,5.2,7.9 2007-01-01,8.141004826,9.059207161,4.6,5.6,8.4 2007-02-01,8.112328053,9.020549881,4.5,5.4,8.2 2007-03-01,7.959795517,8.883315787,4.4,5.3,8 2007-04-01,8.239756271,9.143487481,4.5,5.4,8.2 2007-05-01,8.191193474,9.161112766,4.4,5.3,8.2 2007-06-01,8.159740245,9.091226716,4.6,5.5,8.3 2007-07-01,8.178764431,9.129751994,4.7,5.5,8.4 2007-08-01,8.20601876,9.217280629,4.6,5.5,8.4 2007-09-01,8.252075387,9.248121669,4.7,5.5,8.4 2007-10-01,8.248800024,9.189896327,4.7,5.6,8.4 2007-11-01,8.167429965,9.11835271,4.7,5.5,8.4 2007-12-01,8.337889847,9.319571433,5,5.8,8.8 2008-01-01,8.351529532,9.389899369,5,6,9.2 2008-02-01,8.341007502,9.384405178,4.9,5.9,9 2008-03-01,8.459693667,9.51250355,5.1,5.9,9.1 2008-04-01,8.489267738,9.574568311,5,5.8,9.2 2008-05-01,8.643865022,9.779061412,5.4,6.3,9.7 2008-06-01,8.6977385,9.88340762,5.6,6.5,10.1 2008-07-01,8.881411551,10.16667028,5.8,6.7,10.5 2008-08-01,9.027129153,10.29924401,6.1,7.1,10.8 2008-09-01,9.11464535,10.44085294,6.1,7.1,11 2008-10-01,9.253653379,10.68277179,6.5,7.5,11.8 2008-11-01,9.505349686,11.04469833,6.8,8,12.6 2008-12-01,9.778591608,11.47929681,7.3,8.4,13.6 2009-01-01,10.21099233,11.94009798,7.8,9.1,14.2 2009-02-01,10.42921461,12.28982453,8.3,9.5,15.2 2009-03-01,10.62292039,12.56180314,8.7,9.9,15.8 2009-04-01,10.72143605,12.57696313,9,10.2,15.9 2009-05-01,10.92097435,12.85184204,9.4,10.6,16.5 2009-06-01,10.96321568,12.89384818,9.5,10.8,16.5 2009-07-01,10.80144832,12.73321105,9.5,10.8,16.4 2009-08-01,10.81480669,12.73468808,9.6,10.9,16.7 2009-09-01,10.88611413,12.7461021,9.8,11,16.7 2009-10-01,10.99919781,12.89891105,10,11.4,17.1 2009-11-01,10.85528277,12.75981952,9.9,11.2,17.1 2009-12-01,10.91897901,12.82466848,9.9,11.3,17.1 2010-01-01,10.8307007,12.63825331,9.8,11.3,16.7 2010-02-01,10.84021884,12.71767986,9.8,11.3,17 2010-03-01,10.8150522,12.75278813,9.9,11.2,17.1 2010-04-01,10.66467354,12.58338166,9.9,11.3,17.1 2010-05-01,10.5529813,12.41185898,9.6,10.9,16.6 2010-06-01,10.47706042,12.3023879,9.4,10.9,16.4 2010-07-01,10.54078145,12.37986866,9.4,11,16.4 2010-08-01,10.61144905,12.4559707,9.5,10.9,16.5 2010-09-01,10.64031351,12.536041,9.5,10.9,16.8 2010-10-01,10.59078774,12.45136217,9.4,11,16.6 2010-11-01,10.74051424,12.57987884,9.8,11.2,16.9 2010-12-01,10.54385084,12.40587861,9.3,10.9,16.6 2011-01-01,10.45993788,12.23782945,9.1,10.8,16.2 2011-02-01,10.40547011,12.17804957,9,10.6,16 2011-03-01,10.32010311,12.13112697,9,10.4,15.9 2011-04-01,10.43923134,12.25101501,9.1,10.5,16.1 2011-05-01,10.3782175,12.17803802,9,10.3,15.8 2011-06-01,10.48414655,12.26325047,9.1,10.7,16.1 2011-07-01,10.46938649,12.23492418,9,10.6,15.9 2011-08-01,10.40553937,12.21661914,9,10.5,16.1 2011-09-01,10.36820944,12.21077234,9,10.5,16.4 2011-10-01,10.31477182,12.12567957,8.8,10.3,15.8 2011-11-01,10.24473878,11.99097272,8.6,10.1,15.5 2011-12-01,10.15869191,11.8556335,8.5,10,15.2 2012-01-01,10.0471901,11.7470439,8.3,9.9,15.2 2012-02-01,10.02532902,11.73349792,8.3,9.8,15 2012-03-01,10.02945899,11.64392131,8.2,9.6,14.5 2012-04-01,10.03102004,11.66817673,8.2,9.6,14.6 2012-05-01,9.992451952,11.67391229,8.2,9.6,14.7 2012-06-01,10.02772429,11.70412492,8.2,9.6,14.8 2012-07-01,10.03850775,11.71728272,8.2,9.6,14.8 2012-08-01,10.09964864,11.7162587,8.1,9.6,14.6 2012-09-01,9.861113698,11.57612329,7.8,9.3,14.8 2012-10-01,9.82589142,11.5328851,7.8,9.2,14.4 2012-11-01,9.890917034,11.55684278,7.7,9.2,14.4 2012-12-01,9.944106086,11.57326946,7.9,9.4,14.4 2013-01-01,10.05664433,11.67865244,8,9.4,14.6 2013-02-01,9.873345246,11.54806017,7.7,9.2,14.4 2013-03-01,9.811050117,11.38817306,7.5,8.9,13.8 2013-04-01,9.821041098,11.44858856,7.6,8.9,14 2013-05-01,9.821531701,11.43332019,7.5,8.8,13.8 2013-06-01,9.795369017,11.45307966,7.5,9.1,14.2 2013-07-01,9.639028015,11.28541916,7.3,8.7,13.8 2013-08-01,9.547121485,11.11241368,7.2,8.6,13.6 2013-09-01,9.525955489,11.1072769,7.2,8.6,13.5 2013-10-01,9.590988991,11.25838675,7.2,8.5,13.6 2013-11-01,9.391845645,10.9599868,6.9,8.2,13.1 2013-12-01,9.323318512,10.91472342,6.7,8.1,13.1 2014-01-01,9.286874683,10.72716757,6.6,8.1,12.7 2014-02-01,9.305596612,10.79047424,6.7,8,12.6 2014-03-01,9.293637111,10.79442831,6.7,7.9,12.6 2014-04-01,9.123866886,10.64229152,6.2,7.5,12.3 2014-05-01,9.191797429,10.64149814,6.3,7.6,12.2 2014-06-01,9.089954779,10.59698843,6.1,7.3,12 2014-07-01,9.12995715,10.61884857,6.2,7.5,12.1 2014-08-01,9.163828647,10.59648321,6.1,7.4,12 2014-09-01,9.065752506,10.47624766,5.9,7.3,11.7 2014-10-01,8.919737572,10.39365572,5.7,7.1,11.5 2014-11-01,8.997098751,10.38488155,5.8,7.1,11.4 2014-12-01,8.869804986,10.24737992,5.6,6.9,11.2 2015-01-01,8.907361305,10.23505445,5.7,7,11.3 2015-02-01,8.85540188,10.19488023,5.5,6.8,11 2015-03-01,8.800865816,10.12336409,5.4,6.7,10.8 2015-04-01,8.799354388,10.11719113,5.4,6.7,10.8 2015-05-01,8.756144236,10.05919181,5.6,6.7,10.9 2015-06-01,8.72848451,10.00561533,5.3,6.4,10.4 2015-07-01,8.727654415,9.969384077,5.2,6.4,10.3 2015-08-01,8.554593886,9.834868947,5.1,6.2,10.2 2015-09-01,8.610329223,9.807421529,5,6.2,10 2015-10-01,8.592692736,9.803101885,5,6.2,9.8 2015-11-01,8.572601973,9.800024863,5.1,6.1,10 2015-12-01,8.501810485,9.709177457,5,6.1,9.9 2016-01-01,8.432747227,9.58617578,4.9,6.1,9.8 2016-02-01,8.432193548,9.618752277,4.9,6,9.7 2016-03-01,8.42986383,9.626203737,5,6,9.8 2016-04-01,8.486991551,9.66891877,5,6,9.7 2016-05-01,8.38799404,9.645177935,4.8,5.8,9.9 2016-06-01,8.380483027,9.511401528,4.9,6,9.5 2016-07-01,8.389248149,9.549783777,4.8,6,9.7 2016-08-01,8.369883943,9.566723219,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-09-01,8.492058752,9.654246854,5,6,9.7 2016-10-01,8.470712278,9.695736463,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-11-01,8.328920032,9.458347357,4.7,5.8,9.4 2016-12-01,8.320690051,9.424250014,4.7,5.7,9.2 2017-01-01,8.297749026,9.409878222,4.7,5.8,9.3 2017-02-01,8.22012302,9.324611358,4.7,5.7,9.1 2017-03-01,8.14996476,9.221479417,4.4,5.4,8.7 2017-04-01,8.112256745,9.141202696,4.4,5.3,8.6 2017-05-01,8.10123623,9.105295214,4.4,5.2,8.5 2017-06-01,8.027177587,9.051137705,4.3,5.3,8.5 2017-07-01,7.977711458,9.004294411,4.3,5.3,8.5 2017-08-01,8.095083224,9.140144958,4.4,5.3,8.6 2017-09-01,7.917746212,8.927234121,4.2,5.1,8.3 2017-10-01,7.879869144,8.874908133,4.1,5,8 2017-11-01,7.909384257,8.860194861,4.2,5,8 2017-12-01,7.903832831,8.879210253,4.1,5.1,8.1 2018-01-01,7.86958117,8.831513753,4.1,5.1,8.2 2018-02-01,7.824916563,8.827863873,4.1,5.1,8.2 2018-03-01,7.829039521,8.795405913,4,4.9,7.9 2018-04-01,7.818993701,8.77165251,3.9,4.7,7.8 2018-05-01,7.751170323,8.682330016,3.8,4.6,7.7 2018-06-01,7.789520945,8.697784844,4,4.9,7.8 2018-07-01,7.679469833,8.561973672,3.9,4.7,7.5 2018-08-01,7.776065118,8.639780885,3.8,4.7,7.4 2018-09-01,7.666480979,8.56328972,3.7,4.6,7.5 2018-10-01,7.656125595,8.58026075,3.8,4.6,7.5 2018-11-01,7.633341031,8.55883583,3.7,4.7,7.6 2018-12-01,7.679336247,8.583795868,3.9,4.8,7.6 2019-01-01,7.796761535,8.782480282,4,4.9,8.1 2019-02-01,7.675061211,8.524570169,3.8,4.7,7.3 2019-03-01,7.667411338,8.53910291,3.8,4.6,7.3 2019-04-01,7.601287073,8.498241606,3.6,4.4,7.3
Careers at the Fed
Latest Jobs
Latest Jobs
Take a look at our most recent job postings below.
Video is temporarily unavailable.
Life at the Richmond Fed
While our work is serious, our workplace is more casual—from the way we dress to the activities we share. It’s a friendly, inclusive place to be.
You'll Love Our Benefits
Our approach is about enhancing work and life experiences. Think generous paid days off, a pension and retirement savings plan, wellness offerings, development opportunities and more.
