June 2025, No. 25-02
The authors show how max-share identification could be problematic and that stringent conditions are required to accurately identify the shock of interest.
Economic Research
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Blog Post
June 11, 2025
Wraparound services like transportation assistance and child care foster student success. This post highlights how some community colleges are supporting student parents.
Blog Post
June 9, 2025
By Jason W. Smith and Carrie Cook
The Community Investment Training helps rural leaders jump-start development projects, and based on the 2024 and 2025 cohorts, the Richmond Fed's community development team shares some lessons learned.
Economics Letters
Vol. 247, February 2025
December 2024, No. 24-15
Andreas Hornstein, Francisco Ruge-Murcia and Alexander L. Wolman
The authors show that there has been a more general relationship between inflation and the distribution of relative price changes during the extended period of inflation stability in the U.S.
Hornstein-Kudlyak-Lange Non-Employment Index
June 12, 2025
The Hornstein-Kudlyak-Lange Non-Employment Index (NEI) was 7.8 percent in May 2025, essentially unchanged from April 2025. The index increased by 0.2 percentage points compared to May 2024.
Month,HKL Nonemployment Index,HKL Nonemployment Index Including PTER,Civilian Unemployment Rate (U-3),Unemployed plus Marginally Attached (U-5),Unemployed plus Marginally Attached and PTER (U-6) 1994-01-01,10.02221764,11.07556518,6.6,8,11.7 1994-02-01,9.845731677,11.00181931,6.6,7.9,11.4 1994-03-01,9.739525878,10.95358631,6.5,7.8,11.5 1994-04-01,9.608322579,10.79271183,6.4,7.7,11.3 1994-05-01,9.39707869,10.61465412,6.1,7.3,10.9 1994-06-01,9.387609546,10.60213014,6.1,7.3,11 1994-07-01,9.331178656,10.49214603,6.1,7.4,10.8 1994-08-01,9.280061811,10.39855049,6,7.3,10.6 1994-09-01,9.175155576,10.29925992,5.9,7.2,10.4 1994-10-01,9.11433441,10.25391331,5.8,7,10.4 1994-11-01,9.013092605,10.16433366,5.6,6.8,10.1 1994-12-01,8.934012272,10.0519732,5.5,6.7,10.1 1995-01-01,8.954035126,10.13710169,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-02-01,8.882931484,9.964122043,5.4,6.6,9.9 1995-03-01,8.921623678,10.02403975,5.4,6.6,9.9 1995-04-01,9.00992696,10.10037141,5.8,6.8,10.1 1995-05-01,9.050322316,10.181925,5.6,6.8,10.1 1995-06-01,8.987757383,10.11090243,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-07-01,8.972313646,10.1078208,5.7,6.8,10.1 1995-08-01,9.014233799,10.15913544,5.7,6.8,10.1 1995-09-01,8.991169132,10.15585442,5.6,6.7,10.2 1995-10-01,8.997083175,10.1185089,5.5,6.7,10 1995-11-01,8.982581674,10.11911479,5.6,6.7,10.1 1995-12-01,9.004951819,10.11424286,5.6,6.7,10 1996-01-01,8.975076328,10.00890199,5.6,6.8,9.8 1996-02-01,8.953683554,10.03763524,5.5,6.7,10 1996-03-01,8.887543755,9.981874567,5.5,6.6,9.9 1996-04-01,8.880521952,9.961392425,5.6,6.7,10 1996-05-01,8.894801998,9.972969715,5.6,6.6,9.8 1996-06-01,8.746985793,9.819932244,5.3,6.5,9.7 1996-07-01,8.750751809,9.857408875,5.5,6.5,9.7 1996-08-01,8.662608318,9.761540359,5.1,6.2,9.4 1996-09-01,8.587853073,9.685702002,5.2,6.2,9.5 1996-10-01,8.650469891,9.733530603,5.2,6.2,9.5 1996-11-01,8.730242572,9.738179916,5.4,6.4,9.4 1996-12-01,8.655033217,9.734913202,5.4,6.4,9.6 1997-01-01,8.651577455,9.708689781,5.3,6.3,9.4 1997-02-01,8.652358703,9.687182385,5.2,6.2,9.3 1997-03-01,8.563461724,9.572852907,5.2,6.2,9.1 1997-04-01,8.464431858,9.505941812,5.1,6.1,9.3 1997-05-01,8.45272006,9.448794744,4.9,5.9,8.9 1997-06-01,8.40879765,9.392434176,5,6,8.9 1997-07-01,8.277566372,9.291291927,4.9,5.8,8.7 1997-08-01,8.238780058,9.236332744,4.8,5.8,8.7 1997-09-01,8.304898531,9.296010206,4.9,5.8,8.7 1997-10-01,8.212533522,9.190191008,4.7,5.6,8.5 1997-11-01,8.184272559,9.157166251,4.6,5.6,8.4 1997-12-01,8.210323654,9.152815579,4.7,5.7,8.5 1998-01-01,8.129942923,9.103696298,4.6,5.6,8.4 1998-02-01,8.081126149,9.02249644,4.6,5.5,8.3 1998-03-01,8.130870692,9.067755056,4.7,5.6,8.4 1998-04-01,7.967783058,8.847645134,4.3,5.2,8 1998-05-01,7.975776656,8.892243715,4.4,5.3,8 1998-06-01,8.042780211,8.965291318,4.5,5.4,8.1 1998-07-01,8.101720419,9.050223533,4.5,5.5,8.2 1998-08-01,8.075800189,8.943523336,4.5,5.4,7.9 1998-09-01,8.015738085,8.865184311,4.6,5.5,8 1998-10-01,8.039520885,8.879093303,4.5,5.4,7.9 1998-11-01,7.941393091,8.747015735,4.4,5.3,7.7 1998-12-01,7.916340529,8.740567155,4.4,5.2,7.6 1999-01-01,7.899797532,8.738909615,4.3,5.2,7.6 1999-02-01,7.940653089,8.766826891,4.4,5.2,7.7 1999-03-01,7.890508095,8.744349203,4.2,5,7.5 1999-04-01,8.077774722,8.868569024,4.3,5.2,7.7 1999-05-01,7.906903497,8.736457069,4.2,5,7.4 1999-06-01,7.929735486,8.749466004,4.3,5.1,7.5 1999-07-01,7.875915564,8.702673572,4.3,5.1,7.5 1999-08-01,7.847492783,8.649008983,4.2,5,7.3 1999-09-01,7.856240524,8.655069285,4.2,5,7.4 1999-10-01,7.760565821,8.523689272,4.1,5,7.2 1999-11-01,7.729807286,8.488603046,4.1,4.9,7.2 1999-12-01,7.682680932,8.463216411,4,4.8,7.1 2000-01-01,7.624126559,8.379190053,4,4.8,7 2000-02-01,7.73968976,8.485592071,4.1,4.9,7.1 2000-03-01,7.763491447,8.522778796,4,4.8,7.1 2000-04-01,7.642814711,8.366125722,3.8,4.7,6.9 2000-05-01,7.812844763,8.599746387,4,4.8,7.1 2000-06-01,7.656680378,8.407554676,4,4.7,7 2000-07-01,7.670488345,8.426355166,4,4.8,7 2000-08-01,7.702509641,8.476675781,4.1,4.8,7.1 2000-09-01,7.660382912,8.423971801,3.9,4.7,7 2000-10-01,7.650264098,8.403088082,3.9,4.6,6.8 2000-11-01,7.685479107,8.474903547,3.9,4.7,7.1 2000-12-01,7.668803571,8.41860767,3.9,4.7,6.9 2001-01-01,7.759357038,8.533166606,4.2,5,7.3 2001-02-01,7.79182443,8.553623586,4.2,5.1,7.3 2001-03-01,7.850762831,8.613629505,4.3,5,7.3 2001-04-01,8.00547442,8.754693139,4.4,5.1,7.4 2001-05-01,8.090482014,8.904457467,4.3,5.1,7.5 2001-06-01,8.169717445,9.051063915,4.5,5.3,7.9 2001-07-01,8.12476745,8.96705145,4.6,5.4,7.9 2001-08-01,8.438283462,9.251746581,4.9,5.8,8.2 2001-09-01,8.408256846,9.390078037,5,5.8,8.7 2001-10-01,8.675807339,9.702608007,5.3,6.3,9.3 2001-11-01,8.762710819,9.73080975,5.5,6.4,9.4 2001-12-01,8.872266049,9.879581362,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-01-01,8.946244852,9.879743006,5.7,6.6,9.4 2002-02-01,8.852212607,9.827743269,5.7,6.5,9.5 2002-03-01,8.836693287,9.78136082,5.7,6.6,9.4 2002-04-01,8.906079066,9.857838202,5.9,6.9,9.7 2002-05-01,8.829868638,9.784003399,5.8,6.8,9.6 2002-06-01,8.817376826,9.754793552,5.8,6.7,9.5 2002-07-01,8.834114756,9.80229678,5.8,6.8,9.6 2002-08-01,8.769457934,9.795239438,5.7,6.7,9.6 2002-09-01,8.732279044,9.725836605,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-10-01,8.7092344,9.702946495,5.7,6.6,9.6 2002-11-01,8.849738316,9.80916563,5.9,6.8,9.8 2002-12-01,8.780999337,9.758465242,6,6.9,9.8 2003-01-01,8.827159818,9.869157743,5.8,6.8,9.9 2003-02-01,8.852017622,9.931910038,5.9,6.9,10.1 2003-03-01,8.964954825,10.02367475,5.9,6.9,10 2003-04-01,8.917993955,9.992481216,6,7,10.2 2003-05-01,8.993351634,10.03978024,6.1,7.1,10.1 2003-06-01,9.031180974,10.07807807,6.3,7.2,10.3 2003-07-01,9.001028417,10.06499673,6.2,7.1,10.3 2003-08-01,8.976653102,10.01388268,6.1,7.1,10.1 2003-09-01,8.963990677,10.06656051,6.1,7.1,10.4 2003-10-01,8.951835946,10.02626144,6,7,10.2 2003-11-01,8.815625323,9.878989278,5.8,6.8,10.1 2003-12-01,8.804077547,9.8707426,5.7,6.6,9.8 2004-01-01,8.745343425,9.806518246,5.7,6.7,9.8 2004-02-01,8.69704949,9.706493487,5.6,6.6,9.7 2004-03-01,8.823160848,9.891621971,5.8,6.8,10 2004-04-01,8.693485194,9.70546419,5.6,6.6,9.6 2004-05-01,8.687854854,9.725210157,5.6,6.6,9.7 2004-06-01,8.66410802,9.663736612,5.6,6.6,9.6 2004-07-01,8.65628584,9.657543044,5.5,6.5,9.5 2004-08-01,8.629533336,9.658181048,5.4,6.4,9.4 2004-09-01,8.61162951,9.616629573,5.4,6.4,9.4 2004-10-01,8.652386595,9.717781013,5.5,6.5,9.7 2004-11-01,8.602407906,9.593670403,5.4,6.3,9.4 2004-12-01,8.589356594,9.57745945,5.4,6.3,9.3 2005-01-01,8.54031142,9.51380451,5.3,6.3,9.2 2005-02-01,8.60064975,9.544191647,5.4,6.4,9.2 2005-03-01,8.524090546,9.503635326,5.2,6.2,9.1 2005-04-01,8.482616023,9.412140803,5.2,6.1,9 2005-05-01,8.405487009,9.369579459,5.1,6.1,8.9 2005-06-01,8.438415773,9.422900435,5,6,9 2005-07-01,8.349554506,9.32363808,5,5.9,8.8 2005-08-01,8.264619954,9.278025501,4.9,5.9,8.9 2005-09-01,8.410091255,9.444458304,5,6,9 2005-10-01,8.370520725,9.312045415,5,5.9,8.7 2005-11-01,8.432728747,9.339881459,5,6,8.7 2005-12-01,8.388189833,9.289524743,4.9,5.9,8.6 2006-01-01,8.274247728,9.173883223,4.7,5.6,8.4 2006-02-01,8.270152961,9.188451431,4.8,5.6,8.4 2006-03-01,8.167826019,9.042678393,4.7,5.6,8.2 2006-04-01,8.297328187,9.128357827,4.7,5.6,8.1 2006-05-01,8.123107952,9.027071348,4.6,5.5,8.2 2006-06-01,8.115567866,9.056663647,4.6,5.6,8.4 2006-07-01,8.175914489,9.115344376,4.7,5.7,8.5 2006-08-01,8.144831789,9.081972271,4.7,5.7,8.4 2006-09-01,8.126982028,9.043087281,4.5,5.3,8 2006-10-01,8.092308571,9.043201952,4.4,5.3,8.2 2006-11-01,8.142178558,9.034489325,4.5,5.4,8.1 2006-12-01,8.040177476,8.945763626,4.4,5.2,7.9 2007-01-01,8.114939368,9.033250822,4.6,5.5,8.3 2007-02-01,8.087411808,8.995244193,4.5,5.4,8.1 2007-03-01,7.934366955,8.857966496,4.4,5.3,8 2007-04-01,8.210113591,9.117352536,4.5,5.4,8.2 2007-05-01,8.165134808,9.134642127,4.4,5.3,8.2 2007-06-01,8.136076082,9.066871305,4.6,5.4,8.3 2007-07-01,8.153118716,9.104175952,4.7,5.5,8.4 2007-08-01,8.177810789,9.188562087,4.6,5.5,8.4 2007-09-01,8.225899954,9.221336431,4.7,5.5,8.4 2007-10-01,8.221651686,9.162506509,4.7,5.6,8.4 2007-11-01,8.140172512,9.089869743,4.7,5.6,8.5 2007-12-01,8.311223976,9.292694984,5,5.8,8.8 2008-01-01,8.324658828,9.363739713,5,5.9,9.1 2008-02-01,8.314112356,9.35715398,4.9,5.8,9 2008-03-01,8.431591658,9.484444297,5.1,5.9,9.1 2008-04-01,8.457505412,9.546363396,5,5.9,9.2 2008-05-01,8.617548307,9.752449738,5.4,6.3,9.7 2008-06-01,8.670748788,9.855105297,5.6,6.5,10 2008-07-01,8.85524242,10.14063005,5.8,6.7,10.5 2008-08-01,9.000669232,10.27246477,6.1,7.1,10.8 2008-09-01,9.087772509,10.41374397,6.1,7.1,11.1 2008-10-01,9.227066736,10.65551842,6.5,7.5,11.8 2008-11-01,9.480093887,11.01730235,6.8,8,12.7 2008-12-01,9.751409001,11.45247722,7.3,8.4,13.6 2009-01-01,10.18233257,11.91280825,7.8,9,14.1 2009-02-01,10.40162461,12.26232904,8.3,9.5,15.1 2009-03-01,10.59693817,12.53623142,8.7,10,15.8 2009-04-01,10.69145957,12.55030651,9,10.2,15.9 2009-05-01,10.89347706,12.82437919,9.4,10.7,16.5 2009-06-01,10.93213917,12.86029815,9.5,10.7,16.5 2009-07-01,10.76928382,12.7011061,9.5,10.7,16.4 2009-08-01,10.78327608,12.7033583,9.6,10.9,16.7 2009-09-01,10.85493398,12.71478579,9.8,11.1,16.7 2009-10-01,10.96850666,12.86707182,10,11.3,17.1 2009-11-01,10.82375467,12.72529196,9.9,11.3,17.1 2009-12-01,10.88623094,12.79246426,9.9,11.3,17.2 2010-01-01,10.7935336,12.60341018,9.8,11.2,16.6 2010-02-01,10.80421687,12.68208871,9.8,11.2,17 2010-03-01,10.78046183,12.71829476,9.9,11.2,17.1 2010-04-01,10.62728382,12.54795574,9.9,11.4,17.2 2010-05-01,10.51723044,12.37655988,9.6,11,16.7 2010-06-01,10.43955033,12.26227674,9.4,10.9,16.4 2010-07-01,10.5035517,12.34325512,9.4,10.9,16.4 2010-08-01,10.5748414,12.42047448,9.5,10.9,16.5 2010-09-01,10.60590757,12.50162093,9.5,11,16.9 2010-10-01,10.55929192,12.41698003,9.4,11,16.6 2010-11-01,10.70514355,12.54222559,9.8,11.3,16.9 2010-12-01,10.50807968,12.37053243,9.3,10.8,16.6 2011-01-01,10.42628761,12.2071761,9.1,10.6,16.1 2011-02-01,10.37200286,12.1450309,9,10.6,16 2011-03-01,10.28798866,12.09890198,9,10.4,16 2011-04-01,10.40551611,12.21791818,9.1,10.6,16.1 2011-05-01,10.34165932,12.14240496,9,10.4,15.9 2011-06-01,10.44979265,12.22625502,9.1,10.7,16.1 2011-07-01,10.4331424,12.20002868,9,10.6,15.9 2011-08-01,10.36909993,12.18270513,9,10.5,16.1 2011-09-01,10.33401297,12.17712274,9,10.5,16.4 2011-10-01,10.28883008,12.0929193,8.8,10.3,15.8 2011-11-01,10.21126272,11.95632335,8.6,10.2,15.6 2011-12-01,10.12638828,11.82387074,8.5,10,15.2 2012-01-01,10.01298646,11.71663168,8.3,9.8,15.1 2012-02-01,9.992827,11.70134647,8.3,9.8,15 2012-03-01,9.996831062,11.61048448,8.2,9.6,14.6 2012-04-01,9.998159286,11.63560521,8.2,9.6,14.7 2012-05-01,9.95883721,11.64125361,8.2,9.7,14.8 2012-06-01,9.996136769,11.67025686,8.2,9.6,14.7 2012-07-01,10.00544628,11.68538879,8.2,9.6,14.7 2012-08-01,10.05991435,11.68326794,8.1,9.6,14.6 2012-09-01,9.828412325,11.54327963,7.8,9.3,14.8 2012-10-01,9.803948702,11.49994821,7.8,9.2,14.4 2012-11-01,9.859518047,11.52424318,7.7,9.2,14.4 2012-12-01,9.912197592,11.5412891,7.9,9.4,14.4 2013-01-01,10.02562849,11.65432571,8,9.3,14.5 2013-02-01,9.842691756,11.51666525,7.7,9.2,14.3 2013-03-01,9.779235756,11.35446633,7.5,9,13.9 2013-04-01,9.788781962,11.41662295,7.6,9,14 2013-05-01,9.789765104,11.40181455,7.5,8.8,13.9 2013-06-01,9.763233439,11.42053882,7.5,9.1,14.2 2013-07-01,9.605396569,11.25258751,7.3,8.7,13.8 2013-08-01,9.499566988,11.07887751,7.2,8.6,13.6 2013-09-01,9.493374379,11.070602,7.2,8.6,13.5 2013-10-01,9.57276543,11.22363358,7.2,8.6,13.6 2013-11-01,9.357199211,10.92473429,6.9,8.2,13.1 2013-12-01,9.289798871,10.88071469,6.7,8.1,13.1 2014-01-01,9.256060904,10.70493065,6.6,8,12.6 2014-02-01,9.273512917,10.75665004,6.7,8,12.6 2014-03-01,9.264161337,10.76224223,6.7,8,12.7 2014-04-01,9.091643488,10.61030826,6.2,7.6,12.3 2014-05-01,9.161208312,10.61033698,6.3,7.7,12.3 2014-06-01,9.058915197,10.56690207,6.1,7.3,12 2014-07-01,9.096649185,10.5866454,6.2,7.4,12.1 2014-08-01,9.106445039,10.56171072,6.1,7.4,12 2014-09-01,9.039441179,10.4403567,5.9,7.2,11.7 2014-10-01,8.908972368,10.36290126,5.7,7.1,11.5 2014-11-01,8.968831174,10.35530922,5.8,7.1,11.4 2014-12-01,8.840049575,10.21645463,5.6,6.9,11.2 2015-01-01,8.876922809,10.21493332,5.7,6.9,11.2 2015-02-01,8.825753667,10.1634309,5.5,6.7,10.9 2015-03-01,8.771827759,10.09242075,5.4,6.7,10.9 2015-04-01,8.767771153,10.08669904,5.4,6.7,10.9 2015-05-01,8.726059856,10.02779152,5.6,6.8,10.9 2015-06-01,8.697985447,9.97629259,5.3,6.4,10.4 2015-07-01,8.688082733,9.936419952,5.2,6.3,10.3 2015-08-01,8.489427394,9.793542881,5.1,6.2,10.2 2015-09-01,8.583817141,9.763921763,5,6.2,10 2015-10-01,8.583091022,9.768808415,5,6.2,9.8 2015-11-01,8.544751375,9.768289743,5.1,6.1,10 2015-12-01,8.475477994,9.6809169,5,6.1,9.9 2016-01-01,8.404068756,9.568952132,4.8,6,9.7 2016-02-01,8.40325867,9.59190712,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-03-01,8.400124749,9.598634863,5,6.1,9.8 2016-04-01,8.454014813,9.638950863,5.1,6.1,9.9 2016-05-01,8.357278867,9.617689583,4.8,5.9,9.9 2016-06-01,8.343985075,9.477786541,4.9,5.9,9.5 2016-07-01,8.344202802,9.513111038,4.8,5.9,9.6 2016-08-01,8.296517639,9.510076227,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-09-01,8.47214151,9.611213127,5,6.1,9.7 2016-10-01,8.464990349,9.656551509,4.9,5.9,9.6 2016-11-01,8.309415987,9.42660175,4.7,5.9,9.4 2016-12-01,8.301035101,9.401811989,4.7,5.7,9.2 2017-01-01,8.266850347,9.395886652,4.7,5.6,9.2 2017-02-01,8.195678055,9.310244078,4.6,5.6,9 2017-03-01,8.122026564,9.204359563,4.4,5.4,8.8 2017-04-01,8.078454361,9.116474147,4.4,5.4,8.6 2017-05-01,8.06605279,9.080558123,4.4,5.3,8.5 2017-06-01,7.981475865,9.012876248,4.3,5.2,8.5 2017-07-01,7.922309173,8.958639837,4.3,5.2,8.5 2017-08-01,8.017506807,9.061962517,4.4,5.3,8.6 2017-09-01,7.900120572,8.877411037,4.3,5.2,8.3 2017-10-01,7.875386796,8.826318956,4.2,5.1,8.1 2017-11-01,7.892876544,8.819558341,4.2,5.1,8 2017-12-01,7.891605232,8.862365674,4.1,5.1,8.1 2018-01-01,7.833983232,8.820777167,4,4.9,8 2018-02-01,7.800407294,8.827217806,4.1,5,8.1 2018-03-01,7.805031047,8.792831209,4,4.9,8 2018-04-01,7.78291097,8.753528931,4,4.8,7.9 2018-05-01,7.708697145,8.659888553,3.8,4.7,7.8 2018-06-01,7.730637664,8.653441839,4,4.8,7.8 2018-07-01,7.621424249,8.509492872,3.8,4.7,7.5 2018-08-01,7.694568216,8.539180203,3.8,4.7,7.4 2018-09-01,7.651240345,8.508191843,3.7,4.7,7.5 2018-10-01,7.654983128,8.519625482,3.8,4.7,7.5 2018-11-01,7.624679869,8.516200023,3.8,4.7,7.6 2018-12-01,7.680451575,8.578158963,3.9,4.8,7.6 2019-01-01,7.758167426,8.776316641,4,4.9,8 2019-02-01,7.648972322,8.536363857,3.8,4.6,7.2 2019-03-01,7.647716044,8.55237014,3.8,4.7,7.4 2019-04-01,7.562301556,8.485367853,3.7,4.5,7.4 2019-05-01,7.518654286,8.354749978,3.6,4.5,7.1 2019-06-01,7.515320361,8.362603844,3.6,4.5,7.2 2019-07-01,7.579467031,8.334873312,3.7,4.5,6.9 2019-08-01,7.454821914,8.273384115,3.6,4.5,7.2 2019-09-01,7.31453367,8.097915761,3.5,4.2,6.9 2019-10-01,7.289359897,8.09859768,3.6,4.3,6.9 2019-11-01,7.333152623,8.12654244,3.6,4.3,6.8 2019-12-01,7.323592502,8.120260555,3.6,4.3,6.8 2020-01-01,7.374613267,8.225490557,3.6,4.4,7 2020-02-01,7.402401975,8.302076869,3.5,4.4,7 2020-03-01,8.173404567,9.322210343,4.4,5.3,8.8 2020-04-01,15.58708384,17.77894538,14.8,16,22.9 2020-05-01,14.30884912,16.39145614,13.2,14.5,21.1 2020-06-01,12.55417935,14.28567555,11,12.4,18 2020-07-01,11.93543297,13.51723,10.2,11.3,16.5 2020-08-01,10.65072401,12.04464924,8.4,9.6,14.2 2020-09-01,10.35603415,11.52301981,7.8,8.9,12.8 2020-10-01,9.324402639,10.57497565,6.9,8,12.1 2020-11-01,9.271589611,10.52662586,6.7,7.8,11.9 2020-12-01,9.269240953,10.43991413,6.7,7.9,11.7 2021-01-01,8.967879956,10.11195593,6.4,7.5,11.2 2021-02-01,8.963610783,10.18470231,6.2,7.4,11.1 2021-03-01,8.82346077,9.975684762,6.1,7.2,10.8 2021-04-01,8.825768596,9.863656934,6.1,7.1,10.3 2021-05-01,8.710912817,9.717426778,5.8,6.9,10.1 2021-06-01,8.602238823,9.503961501,5.9,6.9,9.8 2021-07-01,8.401364723,9.24196121,5.4,6.5,9.2 2021-08-01,8.199524028,8.999953315,5.1,6.1,8.8 2021-09-01,8.072069474,8.883415081,4.7,5.7,8.4 2021-10-01,7.937673646,8.748491768,4.5,5.5,8.2 2021-11-01,7.7654444,8.573022225,4.2,5.1,7.7 2021-12-01,7.663007192,8.414722786,3.9,4.9,7.3 2022-01-01,7.807804621,8.533040013,4,4.9,7.1 2022-02-01,7.614420912,8.442139002,3.8,4.7,7.2 2022-03-01,7.616936147,8.435155289,3.7,4.5,7 2022-04-01,7.647700827,8.432435611,3.7,4.6,7 2022-05-01,7.505128213,8.319113201,3.6,4.5,7.1 2022-06-01,7.513602833,8.225432062,3.6,4.5,6.7 2022-07-01,7.509980404,8.252100365,3.5,4.4,6.8 2022-08-01,7.47548605,8.212016777,3.6,4.4,6.9 2022-09-01,7.502440921,8.198130361,3.5,4.4,6.7 2022-10-01,7.511092643,8.177399536,3.6,4.5,6.7 2022-11-01,7.492841127,8.195417975,3.6,4.5,6.7 2022-12-01,7.40660801,8.143380728,3.5,4.2,6.6 2023-01-01,7.34758724,8.112047519,3.5,4.2,6.7 2023-02-01,7.341703368,8.128737727,3.6,4.4,6.8 2023-03-01,7.373411976,8.162140942,3.5,4.3,6.7 2023-04-01,7.357769938,8.101367962,3.4,4.3,6.6 2023-05-01,7.464152645,8.157661744,3.6,4.5,6.7 2023-06-01,7.40752678,8.220723867,3.6,4.4,6.9 2023-07-01,7.376299944,8.130755041,3.5,4.4,6.7 2023-08-01,7.44474392,8.192715534,3.7,4.6,7.1 2023-09-01,7.478522767,8.216892585,3.8,4.6,7 2023-10-01,7.469896689,8.255331059,3.9,4.7,7.2 2023-11-01,7.471367144,8.233551171,3.7,4.6,7 2023-12-01,7.578878081,8.372005975,3.8,4.7,7.2 2024-01-01,7.533787515,8.34888473,3.7,4.6,7.2 2024-02-01,7.600081627,8.419664646,3.9,4.7,7.3 2024-03-01,7.527577048,8.34184033,3.9,4.8,7.3 2024-04-01,7.556803851,8.401136451,3.9,4.7,7.4 2024-05-01,7.604099941,8.425806745,4,4.8,7.4 2024-06-01,7.560499643,8.375250465,4.1,4.9,7.4 2024-07-01,7.754428169,8.610223406,4.2,5.1,7.8 2024-08-01,7.749511178,8.608316242,4.2,5,7.8 2024-09-01,7.634237177,8.48246428,4.1,5,7.7 2024-10-01,7.646569854,8.484661449,4.1,5,7.7 2024-11-01,7.719814371,8.571533106,4.2,5.1,7.7 2024-12-01,7.594924379,8.410817057,4.1,5,7.5 2025-01-01,7.583693274,8.386227025,4,4.9,7.5 2025-02-01,7.722586782,8.617200349,4.1,5.1,8 2025-03-01,7.78558146,8.66632012,4.2,5.1,7.9 2025-04-01,7.75849185,8.628447577,4.2,5.1,7.8 2025-05-01,7.810973701,8.661322907,4.2,5.1,7.8
Since 2021, the Collaboration of Research Economists (CORE) model has combined frontier research and an innovative delivery method to advance collaboration within the economics profession. Economists from a range of disciplines join with Richmond Fed economists eight times per year for seminars, collaboration, and formal and informal networking — all with an eye toward advancing economic research.
Being a Research Associate at the Richmond Fed
Research Associates help the Richmond Fed's economists with their research and policy memos for briefing the Bank's president on the state of the economy. For recent graduates thinking about applying to a Ph.D. program, this position is an ideal way to learn more about academic economic research.
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